Staffing and Marketing New Disney Theme Park at Slovakia

Executive Summary Visitors are the key factors of the theme parks and therefore the management must take into consideration the major influencing factors. Theme parks in Europe receive over 60 million visitors annually but this number is considerably low compared to U.S. This is attributed to geographical factors and national appeal. In addition, there is considerably high competition from the local museums and historical parks.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Staffing and Marketing New Disney Theme Park at Slovakia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to gain competitive advantage new theme park must get it right on it’s marketing and staffing strategies. Disneyization is used to describe the process through which Disney Company has been able to penetrate different markets globally and forms parts of its marketing and human resource strategy. Introduction Overview Clave (2007) defines theme park as a gated attraction that includes rides and shows in a themed surrounding, offering ticket price for its visitors and attracts at least a half a million visitors annually. A more comprehensive definition of theme parks was given by Economic Research Associates (2008, p. 5). They define a theme parks as a capital exhaustive, highly developed, self-sufficient space which charges admission invariably. Theme park facilities are normally arranged in a thematic fashion and may represent physical or historical features. These themes are important to the operations of the park since they generate a feeling of attachment in a setting which is a complete contrast of the real world. However, it should be noted that there is a distinction between the commercial theme parks and the outdoor museums or historic theme parks. The latter focuses less on commercial aspects and there main goal is to preserve historical/national heritage and for public education. Theme parks are more intricate than the n ormal city parks or recreational spots. Theme parks have a blend of attractions which can be classified into a number of categories. They include ecstasy rides, family rides, water attractions, dark rides and roller coasters. The main source of revenue for the theme parks comes from the gate charges. There are also standard admission for pay-one-price Park and charges for some services excluded from the admission charge (Davis, 1996, p. 400).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Visitors are the key factors of the theme parks and therefore the company must take into consideration the major influencing factors. The most frequent visitors in the theme parks are normally families and friends (Clave, 2007, p. 5). According to Jafari (2000, p. 683) Theme parks in Europe recorded more than 60 million attendance which represented a 3 percent growth compared to the previous year. Howeve r, these European parks are stagnant compared to their counterparts in U.S. This is attributed to geographical factors and national appeal. Each European country has a unique park and a lead market. Besides Disney parks, European theme parks are local ones. Brief Account of the Disney Company The company was established in 1923 in Burbank as a cartoon studio by the two Disney brothers (Walt Disney and Roy Disney). Three years later the company created two movies and purchased a studio in Hollywood, California. Logistic problems nearly led to the demise of the company but it was saved by the designs of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. Later on the company managed to secure merchandise licensing, complete animated pictures, TV programs, live action movies and ,of course, one of the company’s grand project, a theme park by the name Disneyland (Bryman, 1995, p.3). The first Disney Park was opened in Anaheim in 1955. The company maintained its success and became under the control of Roy after Walt died. In the past few years, the company has expanded its market through cables and creating subdivisions such as Touchstone to make films instead of the typically family-oriented fare. During 70s and 80s the company was on the edge of being taken over but everything got well thanks to the team of experts who have ensured that the company maintains its traditions of brilliance to date. Walt Disney is a global company operating four major commercial divisions: Media Networks, Studio Entertainment, Parks and Resorts and Consumer products (Bryman, 1995, p.5). The company’s main challenges are: exceptionally large workforce, repeated change in leadership and towering operating costs. Company’s expansion means increased number of employees and complex structure. This becomes even more complicated with the company’s tendency to change its corporate officers now and then (Davis, 1996, p. 403).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Staff ing and Marketing New Disney Theme Park at Slovakia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though there are very many positive elements associated with expansion and change is leadership, this can also result in too much struggle and massive expenditure. Large number of workforce and fixed assets normally leads to increased operating costs and this cost is passed to the consumers. No visitor will be willing to pay for a ticket price that is above $35 and therefore the company must strictly regulate their operating cost to match the price customers are willing and able to afford for their goods and services (ERA, 2008, p. 16). Walt Disney Company has experienced abundant external opportunities, for instance, governments’ attitudes towards their operations, barriers of entry, massive number of loyal visitors and the entertainment industry. Officials and government forces have been identified through experience as being part of the negative external aspects of the company (Weinraub, 1995, p. 12). However, some governments have even helped to fund a number of the company’s project; for instance, French government donated $1.2 billion to help the company build transport facilities and even offered it tax reliefs (Smith Clark, 1999, p. 59). The purpose of the Report The main purpose of this report is to come up with a staffing and marketing requirements needed to create a new Walt Disney theme park in Slovakia to attract more tourists from Eastern Europe. The report will act as a guide during staff recruitment and deciding on the best marketing strategies. Marketing Disney Theme Parks in Eastern Europe The term ‘Disneyization’ has been used to refer to the process through which principles of the Disney theme parks dominates all aspects and different sectors of the society. Disneyization is presented as encompassing four facets: dedifferentiation of consumption, merchandising, theming the soc iety and emotional staff. The origin of Disneyization in theories of consumerism and consumer culture is the concept of McDonaldization. McDonalization is a term that has been used to refer to how the McDonald restaurants managed to incorporate their culture in the U.S. society and the rest of the world (Ritzer, 1993).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Ritzer (1993) McDonalization comprised of four dimensions and these are efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. These dimensions were drawn from Disney parks and other theme parks. However, the idea of Disneyization was introduced to reflect and build upon the proposition that there is more to theme parks than McDonald institutions (Ritzer, 1993). Theming is the first and obvious element of Disneyization and involves theming different areas of economic life. There are numerous themed recreational facilities, which draw on famous and accessible cultural themes as hip-hop and other types of music, sports, movies, personalities, geography and history. Examples of the theme restaurants include Hard Rock Cafe, Planet Hollywood, Harley Davidson Cafe, and Fashion Cafe among others. Most of these themed restaurants are not sought after because of their food, but because of the sounds ands sight that are constitutive of the themed environment (Ritzer, 1993). Theme d pubs and restaurants are very popular in U.S., Europe and a number of Asian countries. Theming can also be extended to famous landmarks in the country, transport facilities, shopping malls, supermarkets, schools and other social facilities. These have helped to incorporate Disney principles and culture into the society and can be adopted in Slovakia and other countries in Eastern Europe to market the company’s theme park (Davis, 1996, p. 399). The company’s founder used theming as a device for differentiating his vision from tasteless and mucky amusement parks to which he had taken his children. He noticed that many parents like him visited these parks just to appease their children. As a result of this, he felt the urge to create a park that would also accommodate adults. As a matter of fact, he was more successful to this regard since the number of adults who visits the park at the moment has more than tripled the number of children. Therefore, the goal of the comp any’s founder and his successors was to use theming as a mechanism of appealing to both adults and children and to differentiate Disneyland from amusement parks. For that reason the New Disney Park in Slovakia should lace many of the attractions and environment with captivating nostalgia that would have direct appeal to both adults and children (Bryman, 1995, p. 15). Theming accomplishes two major things. First, it creates a connection between the park facilities and attractions and the environment in which it is located. Second, the designs of rides and attractions are placed on their themes instead of the thrill factor which was common in the traditional amusement parks. Disney ‘lands’ (distinctive subdivisions in the park) should be presented through structural design, scenery, costuming, live entertainment, attractions, products and food and beverages that reflects the local/regional cultures and historical/national sites. In each land, theme intrusions and d istractions should be minimised to ensure visitors becomes totally submerged in its ambience (Davis, 1996, p. 404). Dedifferentiation of consumption denotes the broad-spectrum trend whereby the forms of consumption and institutional principles are interlocked together and increasingly become very hard to differentiate. The new Disneyland can be used as vehicle for selling food and several goods. It should not only act as a house of attractions but also a context for shopping. This will help to market the theme park far and beyond Slovakia (Bryman, 1995, p. 16). Disney theme park concepts have been used to optimize the mix of goods in stores within the theme parks and are highly profitable and can achieve the maximum sales per square metre for retail stores. Therefore, tendency for shopping, eating, hotel accommodation and theme park visiting should become inescapably entangled. Dedifferentiation of consumption should encompass main terminals, national museums and heritage attraction s where visitors are forced to exit through miniature theme parks with Disney products and services. The company should also engage local restaurants in a form of dedifferentiation, for instance linking there range of foods with Disney Cartoon characters and films. Some of them should attach themselves to the opening of the new Disney theme parks by offering free gifts to the visitors (Davis, 1996, p. 410). Merchandising is also another marketing strategy that can be used by the company. Merchandising refers to the marketing of products in the form of or bearing patent images and logos of Disney Corporation. This is a realm in which the company has been most excellent and can be replicated in Slovakia and the whole Eastern Europe. Instead of using Disney cartoon characters, the company can chose to promote some of the products and services offered in the theme park in this manner (Davis, 1996, p. 408). Merchandising is one of the most effective marketing tools since it enhances the emotional attachment among the Disney funs and has long term advertising effect. Disney merchandise range from clothing, to books, sweets, watches, and other domestic products (Johnson, 1991, p. 40). The company’s Studio and Entertainment division can also play a significant role in marketing the new theme park. They can produce and distribute animated action films, music recordings, home entertainments with local and regional contents. Use of local and regional scenes, music and culture will make the Slovaks and other citizens of the Eastern Europe to feel like being part of the larger Disney family. The company can also resort to the conventional advertising and marketing strategies to complement Disneyization. These include the use of billboards and other local and international mass media (Jafari, 2000, p. 685). Staffing On New Disney Theme Park in Slovakia The changing nature of the global economy requires new innovations and strategies in organizations so as to continue with competitive advantage. These comprise training and development of the human resource to enhance productivity and overall business performance. Organizations are taking huge risks by spending greatly on human resource training and development. Business executives analyze innovation as one of their top most challenges. Innovation in this case refers to upgrading the human resources to meet the new challenges posed by the dynamic global economy (Dessler, 2008). Strategic human resource management is considered as a method of management which aims at managing the employees with the motive of achieving an efficient competitive advantage. Strategic human resource management is considered as the supervision of the contributions of the employees to the organization in order to accomplish a desired objective, therefore, an organization with well organized and reliable staff members is in a good position to achieve a competitive edge. Cortese (2003) recommended that organizational strat egies must take the form of a process of continuous learning, in which at the limit, preparation and execution becomes impossible to tell apart. He proposes that organizations should generate, develop and maintain excellent business designs capable of taking advantage of its strategic landscape and business environment beyond the lifetime series of changes in an organization. This can only be achieved through self-organizing process of the individual employees. He acknowledges the role of strategic planning and the formation of networks since individual errors may have severe impact in the organization as a whole. The resource based theory, also known as the resource based view of the firm, is one of the latest strategic management concepts to be enthusiastically embraced by marketing scholars (Dessler 2008). This theory focuses mainly on the resource base a firm has other than the finished products of the firm. A firm gains competitive advantage by suitably employing its resources in production. Competitive advantage here refers to the state where the firm adopts strategies of production which add value to the resources and these strategies are not common in the competing firms. Hill et al (2006) confirm that resource diversity and resource immobility are the two main hypotheses that the resource based theory of the firm are based on. Many authors have been relatively silent about the nature of work in Disney theme parks. But it clear from Ritzer (1993) that since the company incorporates scientific management and principles of the Ford Corporation, working in the theme park tend to be dehumanizing and isolating. He emphasized that there is more to theme park jobs than simple clerical jobs found in many industries. Ritzer drew attention to the fact that besides the normal desk skills, service work also entails self control through emotional labour, which he defines as ‘an act of articulating socially desires emotions during service transactions’. According to Leidner (1993) besides controlling how these workers interact with the clients, the company should also control how they view themselves and their feelings. However, there are still uncertainties on how far emotional labour is associated with theme park jobs. Leidner (1993) stress that service sector such as theme parks demands employees who are amusing, jovial, ever smiling, and courteous and those who take pride in their work. Therefore, this type of job requires overt behaviours and less of introverts. Emotional labour should be epitomized by Disney theme parks. The character of employees in the theme park should be managed in many ways and regulated through a scripted interactions and promoting of emotional labour should be one of the principle aspects (Davis, 1996, p. 412). Friendliness and helpfulness among the Disney theme park employees is well-known all over the world and has been praised by many visitors. The conduct coupled with distinctive language of the c ompany is intended among other things to express the impression that the workers are also having fun and therefore are not taking part in real work. Therefore, the new Disney theme park in Slovakia should ensure that the staff hired have the attributes typical of the Disney employees and satisfactorily trained to master and improve on the necessary skills. Walt Disney University was specifically built to inculcate the essential training and teaching of Disney vocabulary to the new recruits. According to the founders of this institution, the fundamental element of the early training approach was to inculcate friendly phrases in addition to a friendly smile (Clave, 2007, p. 6). Conclusion Visitors are the principle component of the theme parks and therefore companies must ensure all the influencing factors are taken into consideration. Sustainability of the theme parks can only be ensured if they maintain the existing clients and attract more visitors. Theme parks in Europe receive co nsiderably high number of visitors annually but this number is relatively low compared to U.S theme parks. This is attributed to geographical factors and socio-economic factors. In addition, there is considerably high competition from the local museums and historical parks. Therefore, marketing and staffing policies for the new theme park must be set right. Disneyization is used to describe the process through which Disney Company has been able to penetrate different markets globally and forms parts of its marketing and human resource strategy. In addition, the company can use the conventional marketing strategies to complement Disneyization. These may include use of billboard, wall paintings, printed fliers and advisements through local and regional mass media. References Clave, A. (2007). The global theme park industry. Oxfordshire: CABI. Cortese, A. D. (2003). The critical role of higher education in creating a sustainable future. Planning for Higher Education, 31(3), 15-22. Brym an, A. (1995). Disney and his Worlds. London: Routledge. Davis, S.G. (1996). The theme park: global industry and cultural form. Media Culture and Society, 18, 399-422. Dessler, G. (2008). Human resource management. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. ERA. (2008). Theme Park Attraction Attendance Report 2007, Burbank, p.16. Hill, C.W.L. Jones, G.R., Galvin, P. (2006). Strategic management: an integrated approach. Milton, Australia: John Wiley and Sons. Jafari, J. (2000). Encyclopaedia of Tourism. London/New York: Routledge, pp.683-690. Johnson, R. (1991). A strategy for service-Disney style. Journal of Business Strategy, 12, 38-43. Leidner, R. (1993). Fast Food, Fast Talk. Berkely, CA: University of California Press. Ritzer, G. (1993). The McDonaldization of Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge. Smith, D., Clark, S. (1999). Disney: The first 100 years. New York: Hyperion, 59-60. Weinraub, B. (1995, April 9). Clouds over Disneyland. The New York Times, p. 12. This report on Staffing and Marketing New Disney Theme Park at Slovakia was written and submitted by user Mat Moth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alex Alampi Jr. essays

Alex Alampi Jr. essays Alex Alampi Jr., a watercolor artist from Gloucester County, New Jersey, features the people of the Mid-Atlantic region. "Working Portraits," as he refers to them, are images reminiscent of a simpler time. Although Alex enjoys painting a wide variety of subjects from the Delaware Bay region and the pastoral countryside where he grew up, his inspiration comes from the people; those individuals who still make a living from the land and waterways in the traditional method of their forefathers. Preserving this timeless way of life is the essence of his art. A professional artist since 1993, Alex has received many awards for his realistic, transparent watercolors. The past two years he exhibited in the Tidewater Gallery of Easton, Maryland for the Annual Waterfowl Festival. He is an artist member of the American Society of Marine Artists and a member of the Rittenhouse Square Fine Arts Association in Philadelphia, PA. His artwork is in private and corporate collections throughout the United States, Canada and abroad. Being from New England, Ive always been a fan of lighthouses, because theyre all over the coasts of the region. But when I think of lighthouses, I dont normally think of the New Jersey bays and coastline. However, after seeing some of Alampis work, I feel as though I have already been there and seen them. He captures the shape and environment of the lighthouse and its surrounding so well, it is as though Im looking out a window rather then at a watercolor painting. ...

Presidential Candidates and the Death Penalty

Presidential Candidates and the Death Penalty Unlike past presidential elections, national interest in the candidates positions on the death penalty has waned, partly due to a decline in the number of states that no longer allow capital punishment. Furthermore, the rate of violent crimes in the United States has steadily decreased for 20 years, that is, until 2015 when, according to the FBI, the incidences of violent crime rose to 1.7 percent which included a 6 percent increase in homicides. History has shown that when the crime numbers are up, more people are pro-death penalty and interest in the position political candidates take on the issue becomes more important to voters. Lessons Learned A good example of rising crime statistics determining voter interest in the death penalty was the 1988 presidential election between Michael Dukakis and George H. W. Bush.  The national murder rate was averaging around 8.4 percent and 76 percent of Americans were for the death penalty, the second highest number since recording began in 1936. Dukakis was portrayed as being too liberal and soft on crime. He received a fair amount of criticism because he was opposed to the death penalty. An incident that many believe sealed his fate as losing the election occurred during an October 13, 1988, debate between Dukakis and Bush. When the moderator, Bernard Shaw, asked Dukakis if he would be in favor of the death penalty if his wife were raped and murdered, Dukakis replied that he would not favor it and reiterated that he was opposed to the death penalty all of his life. The general consensus was that his answer was cold and his national poll numbers plummeted the very night of the debate. Despite the fact that the majority in the U.S. is still in favor of the death penalty, opposition to state executions is rising: at 38 percent opposing the ultimate penalty for a crime, this is the highest level of opposition to capital punishment. Where do todays presidential candidates stand on the death penalty in the face of rising opposition against it? The  Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994   The  Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 was signed into law by President Bill Clinton. It was the largest crime bill in U.S. history. Along with adding major funding for  100,000 new police officers, it also banned the manufacture of many semi-automatic firearms and expanded the federal death penalty.   It has been said in retrospect, that the bill was also responsible for the large increase in African American and Hispanic incarceration. As the first  lady, Hillary Clinton was a strong advocate of the  bill and lobbied for it in Congress. She has since spoken out against part of it, saying that it is time to revisit it. While in the House, Bernie Sanders also voted in favor of the bill, but he originally supported a revised bill that abolished the federal death penalty in exchange for life sentences. When the revised bill was rejected, Sanders voted for the final bill that included the expansion of the federal death penalty. Spokespersons for Sanders have said that his support was due largely to the Violence Against Women Act and assault weapons ban.   Hillary Clinton Supports the Death Penalty (But Struggles With It) Hillary Clinton has taken a more cautious stand than Sanders. During the same February MSNBC debate, Clinton said that she was concerned about how the death penalty is handled on a state level and that she has a lot more confidence in the federal system. â€Å"For very limited, particularly heinous crimes, I believe it is an appropriate punishment, but I deeply disagree with the way that too many states are still implementing it,† Clinton said. Clinton was also confronted with questions about her views on the death penalty during a CNN-hosted Democratic town hall on March 14, 2016. Ricky Jackson, an Ohio man who spent 39 years in prison and came â€Å"perilously close† to being executed, and who was later found to be innocent, was emotional when he asked Clinton, In light of what Ive just shared with you and in light of the fact that there are undocumented cases of innocent people who have been executed in our country. I would like to know how you can still take your stance on the death penalty. Clinton again voiced her concerns, saying, The states have proven themselves incapable of carrying out fair trials that give any defendant all the rights that defendants should have... She also said she would breathe a sigh of relief if State Supreme Courts eliminated the death penalty. She then added that she still supported it in rare cases on a federal level for terrorist and mass murderers. â€Å"If it were possible to separate the federal from the state system by the Supreme Court,† Clinton added, confusingly, â€Å"that would, I think, be an appropriate outcome,† a statement some critics referred to as back peddling.   Donald Trump Supports the Death Penalty (and Would Likely Inject the Needle)    On December 10, 2015, Donald Trump announced to several hundred police union members in Milford, New Hampshire, that one of the first things he would do as president would be to sign a statement that anybody that kills a police officer would get the death penalty. He made the announcement after he accepted the endorsement of the New England Police Benevolent Association. One of the first things I would do, in terms of making an executive order if I win, would be to sign a strong, strong statement that will go out to the country- out to the world- that anybody killing a policeman, policewoman, a police officer- anybody killing a police officer, the death penalty. Its going to happen, OK? We can’t let this go. In  1989,  Trump  earned his pro-death penalty status after taking out a full-page ad in four New York City newspapers titled, BRING BACK THE DEATH PENALTY! BRING BACK THE POLICE! It was assumed that his actions were in reference to the May 1989 brutal rape of a woman who was jogging in Central Park, although he never made reference to the attack. Known as the case of the Central Park Five, the sentences of the  five males convicted of the rape were later vacated after serial rapist and murderer, Matias Reyes, confessed to the crime. The DNA evidence was reexamined and matched Reyes and it was the only semen found on the victim. In 2014,  the Central Park Five settled a civil case with the city for $41 million dollars. It has also been said that Trump was furious about it.

Megacities of Asia-Korea Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Megacities of Asia-Korea - Assignment Example clock to also eliminate competition because with the increasing growth of technology in the country, business is bound to get better and competition steeper. Profits will also increase as everyone will be scrambling to get the latest technology and devices. Yes it is. This is so because with the increase in technology development and technological devices in Korea, the market will need to expand internationally. This therefore means that people in other nations will get the latest in technology same as the Koreans and in large quantities as the production will be a lot in Korea (Dong-hyung, 2005). The prices of the other technology which had previously enjoyed having competitive advantage as well as some form of monopoly will have to reduce their prices meaning many people will be able to afford to stay connected at a cheaper cost and at a faster rate than before. Some like the marketers may not see this as an advantage but they are few and the consumers who are many have the last say and they are always right as the saying

A Research Proposal concerning Computer Operating Systems Education Essay

A Research Proposal concerning Computer Operating Systems Education - Essay Example My interest in this subject started as a realization, servicing computers at The University of La Verne. There seemed to be a great familiarity of an application when a worker was given instructions in a specific subject. When using a new application, the same faculty or staff became disorientated and frustrated. I pondered; could knowledge of Operating Systems help subjects adapt to new programs easier? My observations were that the more experience a customer had using a computer, the easier it was to adapt to new types of work. Of the subjects interviewed, few have taken an actual course on the operating system of their computer. The comfort level of the subjects who had used several operating systems, over a span of years, were very good at applying learned knowledge to new applications. Consider operating a computer is as much of our professional skill set as language or mathematics. Efficacy theory by Albert Butera states ‘Self Efficacy is people’s perception of their ability to plan and take action to reach a particular goal.† Another definition by Compeau and Higgins 1995; Marakas et al. 1998) is Computer self-efficacy (CSE) refers to individuals' judgment of their capabilities to use computers in diverse situations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_efficacy, 2006) I theorize that if a worker has a good basic knowledge of an operating system, he or she will build confidence through positive experiences. This encounter will drive a user to experiment and discover effective ways of using multiple applications.

Cell Migration Essays -- Biology

Introduction Cell motility is currently one of the â€Å"hottest† areas in biology. An example of normal healthy migration is in adult skin, when cells migrate from the inner tissue to the outer layer to form a protective coating of dead skin cells. However, when referring to tumors, cell migration is dangerous. Skin tumors arise in the epidermis. The tumor then invades the dermis, creating a metastatic lesion, which breaks down tissue, including bone. This paper experiments with the two forms of morphology, elongated and rounded. The elongated morphology is dependent on Rac, a signaling protein. When GDP binds to the Rac, the signal is off and when GTP binds, it is turned on. The rounded morphology is dependent on a signal from Rho and ROCK, two more signaling proteins. Rho only sends a signal to move when it is activated by GTP. When protease activity is inhibited, elongated cells convert to the rounded form, and continue migration. So, to inhibit the movement of tumor cells, it is necessary to stop the elongated and rounded morphology. This experiment used Y27632, which inhibits Rho and PI, a protease which inhibits Rac. Through the use of these two inhibitors, Sahai and Marshall attempt to determine what exactly is most effective in preventing tumor movement and which signaling proteins activate which morphology. Methods I.) Distinct Modes of motility have different requirements for Rho and ROCK activity a. Methods 1. BE (colon carcinoma), LS174T (colon carcinoma), SW962 (squamous cell carcinoma), WM266.4 (melanoma), A375P, and A375m2(melanoma) cells were analyzed to test for cell invasion relative to the controls used. 2. The two controls used were TAT-C3 (which inactivates the RhoA, Rho... ...the elongated cells would not accomplish much. Tumor cells can also change the shape of movement that they use, so these inhibitors that stop the signaling in the cells may not be as effective as hoped. Though they would stop the rounded cells, the cells might be able to switch to an elongated shape and continue in their migration to other areas of the tissues. There are other methods, though, that would cause elongated cells to switch to the rounded cell shape for their migration. Sahai and Marshall are hoping that with further research, these two treatments may be combined to stop the migration of the cancerous cells and be a realistic, useable treatment for cancer in the future. Works Cited Erik Sahai and Christopher J. Marshall - "Differeing modes of tumour cell invations have distinct requirements for Rho/ROCK signalling and extracellular proteolysis." Cell Migration Essays -- Biology Introduction Cell motility is currently one of the â€Å"hottest† areas in biology. An example of normal healthy migration is in adult skin, when cells migrate from the inner tissue to the outer layer to form a protective coating of dead skin cells. However, when referring to tumors, cell migration is dangerous. Skin tumors arise in the epidermis. The tumor then invades the dermis, creating a metastatic lesion, which breaks down tissue, including bone. This paper experiments with the two forms of morphology, elongated and rounded. The elongated morphology is dependent on Rac, a signaling protein. When GDP binds to the Rac, the signal is off and when GTP binds, it is turned on. The rounded morphology is dependent on a signal from Rho and ROCK, two more signaling proteins. Rho only sends a signal to move when it is activated by GTP. When protease activity is inhibited, elongated cells convert to the rounded form, and continue migration. So, to inhibit the movement of tumor cells, it is necessary to stop the elongated and rounded morphology. This experiment used Y27632, which inhibits Rho and PI, a protease which inhibits Rac. Through the use of these two inhibitors, Sahai and Marshall attempt to determine what exactly is most effective in preventing tumor movement and which signaling proteins activate which morphology. Methods I.) Distinct Modes of motility have different requirements for Rho and ROCK activity a. Methods 1. BE (colon carcinoma), LS174T (colon carcinoma), SW962 (squamous cell carcinoma), WM266.4 (melanoma), A375P, and A375m2(melanoma) cells were analyzed to test for cell invasion relative to the controls used. 2. The two controls used were TAT-C3 (which inactivates the RhoA, Rho... ...the elongated cells would not accomplish much. Tumor cells can also change the shape of movement that they use, so these inhibitors that stop the signaling in the cells may not be as effective as hoped. Though they would stop the rounded cells, the cells might be able to switch to an elongated shape and continue in their migration to other areas of the tissues. There are other methods, though, that would cause elongated cells to switch to the rounded cell shape for their migration. Sahai and Marshall are hoping that with further research, these two treatments may be combined to stop the migration of the cancerous cells and be a realistic, useable treatment for cancer in the future. Works Cited Erik Sahai and Christopher J. Marshall - "Differeing modes of tumour cell invations have distinct requirements for Rho/ROCK signalling and extracellular proteolysis."

Crime control vs. Due Process Essay

The criminal justice system in the United States has over time and in recent times been developed in two model systems. The crime control model and due process model. The two systems have been adopted over time to deal with the spiraling rate of crime. On the one hand conflict and crime control model which other commentators have referred as social reality crime tend to associate the crime on how it is affected by the dynamics that mould the society’s social, economic and political structure. The crime control model works on the assumption that the criminal law as enacted by parliament and enforced by the police and prosecutors can control crime. This model looks to the legislature as opposed to the courts as its validating authority and accepts extensive reliance that legislatures place on the criminal sanction. (The new law victim’s rights, Kent Roach). The crime control policy otherwise termed by Malcolm M Feeley and Jonathan Simon as a new concept in their article ‘The new penology’ is neither about punishing nor about rehabilitating individuals. The system is about identifying and managing unruly groups. On the other hand consensus and due process model describes the values that courts have embraced in many of their decisions. The model’s main purpose is protection of rights of citizens. Due process is like an obstacle course, you have to keep going through the legal obstacle to ensure in the end you convict the right person. In crime control model the law enforcement possesses the investigative powers to arrest people for questioning, and this is often the fastest way by which to establish the suspect is factually guilty. This model performs the role of getting the criminal off the street and protects the innocent. The law enforcement leads in this role. In due process model, law enforcement has little role to play. The bulk is performed by the prosecution which lays the crime committed by the offender before the court. The court’s role is to find the guilt of the offender and ensuring that the offender’s rights are safeguarded. In controlling crime, the correctional facilities have an important role to play, the kind of rehabilitating an offender who is released into the society matters a lot. The correction can also play a significant role where offenders who are due to be released are not reformed enough to be sent to the unsuspecting members of the public. Malco M. Feeley & Jonathan in their new penology document focuses on what role correction can perform. They dwell more on incapacitation which they say promises to reduce the efforts of crime in society not by altering either offender or social context but by rearranging the distribution of offender in the society. If the prison can nothing else, the incapacitation theory hold says that, it can detain offender for a time and thus delay their resumption of criminal activity. If such delay is sustained for enough time and enough offenders, siginificant aggregate effects in crime can take place although individual destinies are only marginally altered. The Federal application of the crime control has been traditionally directed at problems transcending state boundaries, with maintaining law and order in are subject exclusively to federal jurisdiction or national concern. The 107th congress did enhance authorities of the department of justice (DOJ) and in specific the Federal Bureau of Investigation in dealing with homeland security and anti-terrorism problems which arose from the September 11, 2001 attacks. Included are expanded federal law enforcement authority in such areas as wiretapping and related investigative tool to aid law enforcement official in the war on terrorism e. g. USA Patriot Act. (Jo Anne O Bryant & Lis Segheli,congressional research Service update September 11,2002) Congress has been extending federal jurisdiction over crime to areas once considered to be within state and local jurisdiction (e. g. juvenile justice and gun control) and enlarging federal support of state and local efforts to combat crime over last two decades. In general, the federal is trying to adopt crime control by pre-emptively dealing with measures which can enable prevention of crime in a bid to control. In contrast states have areas which they dwell on and some are left to the jurisdiction of the federal government or agencies. For example terrorism laws are federal laws are congress has come up with laws dealing with terrorism laws and also ways of controlling and safeguarding the boundaries of United States. The local or state jurisdiction has crime control measures within the sphere which does not overstep the mandate of federal agencies. Matters to do with dues process are both for the state and federal. Due process has been a process of the courts and the courts always will endeavor to defend their mandate of making laws and at the same time protecting existing one. The state and the federal have no option when the courts tend to hold opinion which they legally support. The crime control policy is preemptive in nature. That is to say it seeks to have prevention done in order to check the rate of crime in society. To some extent it is a perfect system to deal with a rate of crime that never comes down. Crime control policy does not have any adverse effect in the society’s social, economic state. While on the other hand due process being a court initiated process ensures that the rights are not violated by law enforcement. Due process is offender minded whereas crime control is society minded. It is relatively easier to ascertain the performance of crime control policy in comparison with due process. The rate of crime in society may fall relatively if the emphasis is laid crime. Opinion from the law enforcement can also be sought in evaluating their performance and what they think about the two policies. The courts also may provide vital information with regard to due process because they can make the best judgment than law enforcement. Officials in correctional facilities can also provide vital information on the crime control model as they play a large part in implantation of some recommendations. 1. The new law victim’s rights, Kent Roach. 2. The new penology,Malcom M. Feeley & Jonathan Simon 3. Congressional Research Service update sept. 11,2002 ,Jo Anne O Bryant & Lisa Segheli